The 1943 Navy training film (MN-84b) Fundamental Fixed Gunnery Approaches is part of a series known as the “Fixed Gunnery and Fighter Tactics” series used to enhance in-classroom learning of Navy pilots. Fundamental Fixed Gunnery Approaches primarily uses graphics and models to demonstrate the various approaches for fixed gunnery, though it does include some actual video footage of planes flying the maneuvers (13:08; 14:58; 24:18; 26:10; 30:37). An instructor discusses flying approaches (00:50) and how it is easy after hours and hours of training to successfully make those approaches. The same is true with fixed gunner approaches: pilots must practice constantly to become effective. The instructor discusses fixed gunnery approaches on an enemy bomber and covers four fundamental approaches: side approach, overhead approach, head-on approach, and stern approach. Graphics or animations are used to show proper timing of the approaches in order to arrive at the correct angle and distance required. First, the instructor reviews the side approach (03:40), covering protocol for a high (06:08), flat (09:50), and low (10:30) side approach. Graphics are also used to show how to run an overhead approach (14:07) and how to account for speed and altitude. The most common error with this approach is swinging too wide and passing through the vertical plane (footage from the gunner’s cockpit at 18:00 enhances this section). The head on approach (19:08) is rarely used by fixed gunners because time is so short; however, there are cases where this may be the only approach possible and should be part of a pilot’s skillset. The stern approach (21:08) is the simplest of all fixed gunner approaches, and it is typically only used against enemy fighter planes. The film concludes with footage of planes flying in formation (30:54).

Films like this one were a staple of the fighter pilot training schools, and did a great deal to improve the effectiveness of classroom lectures. Other films commonly used in the curriculum at this time included “Quizcraft” type films which showcased friendly and enemy aircraft types, in hopes of minimizing friendly fire incidents, and films about survival. Incidentally, this is by no means the only film created by Disney during the war, for the troops and homefront. Many animated segments from the Disney studios found their way into U.S. Government documentaries in this era, and the studio produced morale-boosting cartoons and instructionals throughout the war.

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