This is a 1959 United States Navy Training Film that shows in detail, by use of animation, how chemical energy is converted into electrical energy to produce electromotive force. A vintage shot of a mammoth submarine battery appears at (00:01:15:00). The film explains the process of converting chemical energy (00:03:35:00) and the effects of this conversion. (00:15:30:00)

The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté and is the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, makes it attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.

As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher energy densities. Large-format lead–acid designs are widely used for storage in backup power supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and stand-alone power systems. For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used to improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements. Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles, collectively known as VRLA (valve-regulated lead–acid) batteries.

In 1999, lead–acid battery sales account for 40–45% of the value from batteries sold worldwide (not including China and Russia), a manufacturing market value of about US$15 billion.